Thursday, February 16, 2012
Negative Aspects of the Industrial Revolution
Please discuss one negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution and then tell how it was resolved later. In other words, the industrial revolution contributed many great increases in productivity, but what was the cost? These could be environmental issues, human rights issues, or any other negative impact. Then tell what was done to minimize that negative impact.
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There were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
One negative thing about the industrial revolution was it brought more poulution to the world. They solved this problem by decreasing the time the factory would work.
One negative problem that came with the industrial revolution was that when the steam power was made it had a dramatic increase in production capacity. Then the people that made the machines had to make more and more , and that probably used up alot of time and money. It was a good thing because the machine spread out to the western Europe and north America. What minimized the problem was that we had a second industrial revolution . That's how we came up with rail roads, and steam powered ships.
one negative impact was political issues. they later resolved this by the people putting money together to buy out anything. it started out costing $400 but it then rose to $800
Environmental damage is one negative aspect of the industrial revolution. The damage was not entirely fixed. The cost was that the land was polluted.
The enclosure movement pushed off people off the farms and into the cities. They have lack of planning. That means no sewage, no running water, or no sanitation system. Factory work was difficult and dangerous. Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours. If you complained, you were fired. If you got sick, you were fired. If you got hurt and could no longer work, you were fired. Factory owners hired women because they could pay them less.http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
The enclosure movement pushed people off the farms and into the cities this is bad because there would be less farmers and there would have less crops because there are less people to grow them.
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revoluton was pollution. It was really bad because there was filth everywhere and it polluted water and vegetables. The city was built to close to factories. It changed the landscape. It was never really solved, but they made it a little better by moving people away from the problem and changing the landscape.
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-industrial-revolution-working-class-poverty-or-prosperity/
One negative effect of the Industrial Revolution was that people were under paid because there were no laws or rules telling how much people should be paid. This was resolved by the government making laws to prevent it. This was bad because the Americans had no money to buy things or get what they needed. Soon the government noticed and started to make laws about how much people should be paid for their work.
Sources- http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741 http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm
There were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers. It would take decades to recover from this damage. The only way to fix this is to clean up the river and stop using the chemicals that were polluting the air.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
A negative impact from the industrial revolution was The overall downfall of socieconomic and cultural situation of the people.People moved to the city to search for jobs but went to cities that could not support them. After the revolution people took a more materialistic view of the world. One of the worst effects of the industrial revolution was the use of child labor. Children worked long hours for little pay usually at dangerous jobs.Countries passed laws to protect the rights of people and to keep children from working in coal mines or in other jobs with bad conditions.
Political corruption - the amount of money generated by the Industrial Revolution created a class of super rich who could buy any politician or process. During most of the later Industrial Revolution, Washington DC politicians were hopelessly corrupt, and the people and democracy lost in the bargain://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
One negative aspect that the industrial revolution caused Environmental damage. The problem was caused by the factories polluting the air. One thing that the people did to solve the problem was by not using as much chemicals to pollute the rivers and the air. Fixing the damage could cost a lot of money it will probably cost thousands of dollars.
One aspect of industrial revolution was exploitation; it wasn't solved. The Cost were low and they had to find more jobs to minimize the impact.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
me-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
1) Environmental damage - there were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers. It would take decades to recover from this damage.
The jobs were very hard most of them barely had rules they had lots of damage .
one negative thing is that the pollution increased. and working conditions was harmful making work hard and long. and they had smog and children labor. The most important of the changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution were (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools; (2) the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals; and (3) the adoption of the factory system. what we can do to minimize negative impact is when the populatin was icreassing they could of stop that.
http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-industrial-revolution-working-class-poverty-or-prosperity/
Exploitation - while jobs were created, there were few if any rules about how much people could be paid, what training they would receive and whether they could be fired for any reason. The jobs were dangerous and if you died, no one really cared. Profit was God.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/2002_p7/ak_p7/childlabor.html
A big problem was child labor, during the industrial reveloution. Children as old as 6 years old worked during this time, some of them worked 19 hours a day with only a one hour break. Not until the Factory Act of 1833 did things improve. Children were paid only a fraction of what an adult would get, and sometimes factory owners would get away with paying them nothing. There were people in this time period that strongly advocated the use or the abolishment of child labor, or at least the improvement of conditions.
http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/History/results_of_the_industrial_revo.html
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution was, pollution. There were a lot more factories and a lot more people were mining for coal. The factories would shoot the black smoke, out of their chimneies, into the air. They would also dump chemicals in a body of water. Water pollution stopped from factories because the people stopped dumping chemicals in the bodies of water.The cost of factories were : more people being sick, global warming ect.. Laws minimized pollution.
Negative aspects of the Industrial revoloution was that people who worked in factories were very poor. Also since people had no jobs the crowded and filthy slums were full of diseases.Also if you worked in factories you worked 12 to 16 hours and if you complained,got sick, or got hurt, you were fired. Children had to work the same hours at factories and also women. Also the air was full of polution.
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
one negative affect of the Industrial revoulution was the pollution also the industry has increased the amount of carbo dioxide in the atmosphere by two-folds and the pollution by nuclear waste pesticides and other chemicals are also the result of the Industrial Rvoulution
https://www.msu.edu/user/brownlow/indrev.htm
and they resolved it by diversifying the number and quality of the kinds of products factories could turn out
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
these where enviormental issues
The Industrial Revolution started in the late 18th century in Great Britain, or England. The revolution spread to the United States and to other European countries during the 19th century. Today, some countries in Asia and Africa still haven't experience an industrial revolution and have not transitioned to the modern age.
The effects of the Industrial Revolution are numerous and profound. First, society became centered around production rather than farming and agriculture; therefore, cities experienced substantial growth.
http://www.industrial-revolution.org/
http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/histwork.html
According to Rutherford and Ahlgren (1990), the term "Industrial Revolution" refers not to a discrete event or series of events. Rather, the Industrial Revolution was a shift in how society wasorganized. The first changes that occurred were in the British textile industry in the nineteenth century..Before this time, textiles (or clothes) were made in the home, either on a piecework basis for a manufacturer or by self-employed seamstresses or tailors. Fabric was made in the home, using techniques that had not changed substantially since the Middle Ages (Francis, 1986). In home-based textile manufacture, the machines that were used were small and generally either hand-powered or powered by the wind or running water. The cost of these new machines required larger amounts of capital in order to start a business. Thereby, these machines were only accessible to people with large amounts of money.As a result, those who had money to invest became the owners of the production while most of society became the workers.
There was not many or no rules about how to take resources so that was a decline in the American Revolution.
Link:http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
the people who start a new business became very rick during the early industrial revolution BUT the people who worked in the factories for them {the working class} were "soul-crushingly poor".
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution,ciies grew rapidly with no planning,also grew around big factorys which was a problem.
People that owned factories where rich, but in return the people that worked for them where very poor. This was bad because then the people who worked for the rich couldn't leave their job and they weren't making enough to feed a family.
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
The environmental Damage air got damage of the pollution from the factory and there were few rulers.
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negative part was envirmentle daMage there were few if any rules regarding how resourses could be removed and used the air was horrible puluted from factory as was the soil and rivers it would take decades to recover from the damage.how it was resolved by fixing the problem
During the industrial revolution there was urbanization. The rapid movement lack of planning Which ment lack of running water, sewage systems, and sanitation systems. With no sanitation diseases spred wildly. Factory work was hard, shifts were 12-16 hours. If you complained got sick or hurt you were fired.http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative impact was that people were working to long a day and in bad conditions. To fix this they passed many factory act that limited hours worked and child labor laws.
http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions.htm
One thing is that the population was going away. The demand for workers was to high.The enclosure movement made people move off the farm and cities. Cities were mostly around factories which meant more and more polution. People lived in the slums.If they didn't plan things out the had no sanitation. If you were sick, complained, or got hurt you were fired.You got paid low wages.
One of the negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution was water pollution. One way they minimized water pollution was by building a sewer system.
http://www.eh-resources.org/timeline/timeline_industrial.html
The industrial revolution increased pollution in the environment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
One bad thing about the industrial revolution was that if we were not able to produce our goods fast enough than that country could possibly become upset with us. Then if that country is upset then that country might not want to trade with us. Then if that co untry does not want to trade with us then our manufactuare might have to raise prices. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
1)Environmental damage The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers.
2)Exploitation
The jobs were dangerous and if you died, no one really cared.
3)Political corruption A class of super rich who could buy any politician or process. During most of the later Industrial Revolution, Washington DC politicians were hopelessly corrupt, and the people and democracy lost in the bargain.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
People used coal to power things. Coal produced pollution. Pollution is sorta like a toxic gas just floating in the air and can make people very ill. Then, we should take care of it
This Is The Website I Got This From:http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/Environmental-Pollution.html
During the 18th and 19th centuries coal mining was a job that many people had to do. Coal mining caused people to die earlier, they got lung cancer, they got black lung, and, it created air pollution....etc
Coal mining today isn't that big of a deal. It is still hazardous but there is modern machinery and safety equipment that have made the industry more efficient and safe.
it caused farms to lose land and money because every one was buying from the factories. jobs went down in the farming industry but up it the manufatuing industry http://www.nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk/time/victorian/vindust.html
between 1760 and 1860,technogical progress,education, and an increasing capital stock transformed england into the workshop of the worldhttp://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html
be minimizing farmers more and more land was up for sail witch made other countries want to come here even more just the take it
Source: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_were_some_negative_effects_of_the_...
What were some negative effects of the Industrial Revolution?
there was pollution ... Well, yes, there was certainly a lot of smoke generated, as many of the technologies of the time entailed simple, crude burning of fuels to generate heat for various industrial processes.We could also make the argument that there were a host of new and improved methods of labor exploitation, by/from [and benefitting] the 'employer' side of the desk, which affected a huge populace of heretofore unemployed or underemployed or previously 'lesser-employed.'
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REVhistoryIR2.htm http://www.nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk/time/victorian/vindust.html
http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/childreno1.htm
http://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/Baker_00/2002_p7/ak_p7/childlabor.html
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/indrevo.htm
One big problem in the industrial revolution was the air was badly polluted
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
One negative affect of the industrial revolution was it caused enviormental damage. They puluted the air with lots of ases it was resolved by france.http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
One of the problems is alot of children got diseases and missed out on school, the cost is alot of children didn't have the education they needed. They fixed this by hiring more adults.
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tuttle.labor.child.britain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
The damage was rules and if yo refuse them the cost was to be used.
Child labor. During the industrial revolution many skilled workers lost jobs. So companies would use children. They worked long hours in bad conditions. They solved this problem by making laws against child labor.
http://www.ehow.com/list_7582952_child-working-conditions-industrial-revolution.html
Environmental damage - there were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers. It would take decades to recover from this damage his was is Environmental issues it was resoveld by People in industrialized countries moved from rural areas to urban areas. This exacerbated the effects of rising pollution. The concentrated population and a higher standard of living also produced larger amounts of waste. It costncome per person (in 1970 U.S. dollars) rose from about $400 in 1760 to $430 in 1800, to $500 in 1830, and then jumped to $800 in 1860.
A bad aspect of the industrial revolution would be Environmental damage - there were few if any rules regarding how resources could be removed and used. The air was horribly polluted from factories, as was the soil and rivers. what people did to minimize this problem would be not dumping chemicals into oceans or other waterways,and also reducing the amount of smoke coming from the fctories.
i got this info from
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal, working conditions. Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation, and is outlawed, while some poorer countries may allow or tolerate child labour. Child labour can also be defined as the full-time employment of children who are under a minimum legal age.
in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour
oh and my link is http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html
impacts were the working conditions. The factories became an unhealthy and unsafe place to work in.Although the working conditions were terrible and the labor hours were long the government and unions came up with laws to fix these problems. There were negative and positive aspects to the Industrial Revolution. Many more inventions and solutions
http://www.bookrags.com/essay-2005/3/28/164422/209
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative aspect is that Industrial revolution brought rapid urbanization. The cost was that it caused people to move to other cities. Lost of money and workers.
1 negative aspect of an new discovery is destroying the environment.this could kill animals,shelter,and even food
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution.the industrial revolution brought rapid urbanization that means it made people have to move into cities.over population but there was not enough jobs and there is more pollution and how this got solved is people moving away.
The negative thing about the industrial revolution is that it brought rapid urbanization.This caused the cities to be very over populated which meant it was harder to get a job.
In factorys they would dump there waste into rivers or streams now they have laws that don't let you do that.
Source:Wikipedia.com
This is the link I forgot to put it on my post
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative impact was that factory jobs increased and men and children and to work more. The factory work was hard and was also harmful to the workers.Children were treated as slaves and could not stop working.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_life_during_the_industrial_revolution
One negative aspect of the industrial revolution is low wages. The people who used all the new technology had too much of what they were making and everybody had it in supply so there was low demand and less people bought it. The people who made the product would not be paid as much because everybody already had what they needed. One way they could resolve the problem was by slowing down business and manufacturing. They could only make as much as needed and make it where people would need to come back soon to buy more. They needed to get the demand high again so that way, people would get the money they needed to keep making the items everybody else wanted.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Other_effects
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/World_History/The_Industrial_Revolution
A negative is an increase in the environmental damage. Factories were powered by coal,the smoke from the coal made everything black. They found a different substance to resolve the problem. I dont know how much it costs. They found new ways . http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Clark_Jacks.pdf http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060702120019AAsczxM
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution is that all the factorys cause a lot of water pollution so that made the fish and animals that drank from their to die of posioning.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
It rose the income for everyone in England and everyone to the west. This was later resolved when everything was starting to become easy to make so the prices went down because of the increase of the rate.
http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html
Woman and kids had to start working in the factories. This was called child labor. Woman had to work 15-16hrs. a day then had to home and cook and clean.
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/tuttle.labor.child.britain
One negative thing is that there was child labor . The reason this is a negative thing is because kids could not make friends and they would always do work .
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution was the child Labor. The chances of surviving childhood did not improve even though population increased. Some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation and others simply welcomed the cheap labor. In 1833 and 1844 the first general laws against child labor were set : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
Even though the Industrial Revolution had many positive effects, it had some it negatives effects too. As factories were created to make these inventions, more citizens moved into the city to be able to work. The populations grew rapidly and the city began crowded quickly. With that being said this rapid situtation was unplanned so in the city there was no running water, sewage system, or sanitation system either. This was a place where dieases could spread.
I forgot link - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_(law)
they used kids as young as 6 to work for little or no money they fixed it by making the child labor laws
but there were human rights issues
http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/2002_p7/ak_p7/childlabor.html
A negative impact was factories were unsafe and unhealthy to work in. They resolved this buy saving money by not having safety guards. To minimize the negative
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/factories_industrial_revolution.htm
http://www.bookrags.com/essay-2005/3/28/164422/209
Industrial Revolution has many negative effects. Some examples are the air was horribly polluted from factories, as well as the soil and rivers. It also decrease jobs the machine can now do, instead of hire people.
http://www.enotes.com/history/discuss/name-three-positive-negative-impacts-american-84741
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution was child labor. Using children in factories made productivity increase. Chirldren were forced to work in poor and dangerous areas for a much a smaller pay than adults. Many were beaten and sometimes killed. Some would go blind, have limbs cut off, or diseases. Many developed lung cancer and died before the age of 25. Eventually, laws were passed to outlaw child labor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Child_labour
There Were many good things that came out of the industrial revolution but there were many bad ones also. In most places the factory owners were getting filthy Rich off of the citazans. Most citazans were very poor and lived in terrible living conditions. There were being paid almost no money for there work that they did. And there were no laws against it. They introduced the satisfaction garentee pricetag to fix this problem. It showed that money wasn't wat really mattered.
http://www.quora.com/When-during-the-Industrial-Revolution-did-fix-price-tags-first-appear
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution was more pollution. This caused more treats to the environment and human life. How this problem was resolved by the clean air act and clean water act.
http://www.history.com/topics/water-and-air-pollution
http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/History/results_of_the_industrial_revo.html
some negative things were that there was no sanitation so there was trash all in the streets.people who worked in the factories were tired because they worked 12 to 16 hours a day also if the workers got sick they were fired.
Add tis to my other blog post.
It also had child labour. Children worked long hours for a low wage. This was solved by the Factory Acts of 1833,1842, & 1847.
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative aspect was that after the Industrial Revolution, the entrepreneurs (Individuals who start a business) that opened factories and shipping companies became very rich during the early industrial revolution. The people who worked in the factories for these entrepreneurs, were soul-crushingly poor. These people lived in rapidly growing cities that were unplanned. Without planning, meant there was no sewage, running water, or a sanitation system. This was later resolved with planning the cities before they became too populated. This information can be found athttp://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative aspect of the industrial revolution is the environmental damage the exploitation and the political corruption the people who worked in factories were very poor and how the problem was fixed in the negative aspect was they set rules for payment and made labor laws.
One negative resolution was that the factories were polluting the air around homes .they fixed this by making labor laws
One Negative Aspect Would be Over Population /Because There Are Not That Many Jobs Left.
One negative reason is over population . they resloved it by laying people of
A possible negative thing could be it brought more poulution or damage to the world. They stopped it by limiting time working in a factory.
blacksmiths used to have to form metal by hammering metal. In the long run their hands get all crooked and messed up. Later they invented the steam powered hammer which drove a piston up and down and all the blacksmith had to do is hold the metal.
one negative aspect is that we were over populated
One negative aspect of the industrial revolution was that there was a lot of pollution in the Air and people would get sick and die. And blacksmiths hands would cramp up and curl because of the job. From holding the hammer.
Tony Hubbard-Negative aspects of the Industrial revoloution was that people who worked in factories were very poor. Also since people had no jobs the crowded and filthy slums were full of diseases.Also if you worked in factories you worked 12 to 16 hours and if you complained,got sick, or got hurt, you were fired. Children had to work the same hours at factories and also women. Also the air was full of polution.
http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative thing about the Industrail Revolution is when the machine gave off smoke it made the people around the shop breath in the smoke.
http://history-world.org/Industrial%20Intro.htm
By Khalil Clark
increase in global pollution
unemployment and loss of jobs
increase in child labor
decrease in work ethics
Some negative aspects of the Industrial Revolution is that very young children were laborer's, it was later resolved by using machines in factories and but they would polute also, they made sure people didn't have to do as much work so they wouldn't get hurt. http://aeshumanities8grace.blogspot.com/2007/09/positives-and-negatives-of-industrial.html
They would have children as laborer's, later it was resolved by using machines in factories,but they would polute the earth and they used machines to minimize injuries by workers.
http://aeshumanities8grace.blogspot.com/2007/09/positives-and-negatives-of-industrial.html
One negative aspect of the Industrial Revolution is The Industrial Revolution had brought a rapid urbanization.http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
One negative thing about the industrial revolution was peoples jobs and how they dont get paid enough. Because there was no laws saying how much people should get paid when they worked so they got paid little amounts of money. It was human issues and it was bad because they had no money to spend. Then the govt realized how much ppl where not spending money at the store because they had no money so they decided to inforce some laws helping people get paid the amount of money they deserve for working.i got my information from this link http://www.slideshare.net/eben_cooke/negative-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution
It caused damage to the environment Becuase the factories were polluting the air
Wikipedia.
They couldn't make things fast enough in the industrial revolution. They started hiring other people from other places so they could pay them less and make more money on all the products
An effect on the Industrial Revolution was that people were under paid because there were no laws saying how much people should be paid. This was till the government started making laws to prevent it. Another one is they moved farmers from farms into the city.the city was an unplanned city.
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